Thursday, October 31, 2019

Construction Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Business - Essay Example The construction business has some significant legal concerns as well, such as liquidated damages issue that should be taken into account. The business then requires finance for its operations and means of obtaining these finances are to be evaluated. It is important for the owners to study these matters to understand whether this business is well suited to them and to understand what kind of management skills, legal and financial expertise they should have in the enterprise for it to successfully turn it into a successful, profitable venture. When considering the legal form of business formation, the choices available to a business include sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, and the newest form of business formation, the limited liability company (LLC). These forms of business may be compared in terms of ownership, liability of owners, continuity of business, and transferability of interest, among others. Since construction is a business with a potential for personal injury where employees and customers can experience a fall or some other injury at the construction site, it is best to select the form of business entity that provides liability protection for the business owners. Liability protection is also an important consideration because in times of financial adversity, it allows the owners to be accountable only to the extent of their share in the business and no charge is placed on their personal assets. The two options that provide protection of personal liability are corporation and LLC. Corporations ar e further classified into C Corporations and S Corporations. Typically the term 'Corporation' refers to a C Corporation, whereas the S Corporation is a special type of corporation that combines tax advantages of the partnership and the corporation. The LLC is a new alternative brought about by the new regulation and has gained much popularity because of its acceptance in all states and amendments in several states making it more attractive. (Hisrich, Peters, Shepherd, 2004) The LLC is considered a partnership-corporation hybrid because of its characteristics. Like partnerships have partners and corporations have shareholders, the LLC has members. These members do not own shares but rather an interest in the business. As mentioned earlier, the LLC allows owners to have limited liability protection, which would benefit the owners of a construction business by offering them protection from. The taxation for an LLC does not take place on the business level, instead the income, profit or loss is passed on to the owners and is treated as their personal income and reported in the owner's personal tax return. Liquidated Damages The construction industry is one in which legal issues arise very often. Breaches of contracts and failures to perform have to be dealt with by the employer as well as the contractor. Because this paper discusses considerations for owners of a construction business, we will look at the legal matters that can arise, from the viewpoint of the employer who assigns the task of constructing a particular project to the contractor. The relationship of an employer and contractor is such that According to the American Law Encyclopedia

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

MUVES and the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MUVES and the 21st Century - Essay Example In the same way, these have enhanced access to learning and business practices. Many people from different parts of the world have been enrolling in institutions abroad to enroll in distance learning courses through the e-learning portals and systems created by the institutions offering this kind of learning (Jarrett, 2008). In this, the benefits of technological advancements cannot be overemphasized in any way. It remains the responsibility of institutions and business organisations that want to take advantage of these developments to make approaches through which they can improve their social and business process through the use of these systems and others, which continue to be developed. Multi-User Virtual Environments, also known as MUVEs refers to the popular and well-known forms of multi-media based entertainments. However, in the recent past, these kinds of media have been receiving wide acceptance in various other disciplines, because of the ability to facilitate important practices when effectively used. For instance, in many places the attention of MUVEs seems to have changed drastically, to focus on the ability support learning activities in the education sector. In this regard, many research groups have been active in designing different kinds of MUVEs, while investigating their perceived effectiveness in delivering some of the set goals and objectives. These research processes have been offering various kinds of MUVEs in different formats in order to determine their ability to achieve the set goals and objectives in teaching and learning. It is expected that the ongoing research into the effectiveness of these technologies will play a leading role in influencing the various practices not only in the education sector, but also in other sectors and in this century. MUVEs that are designed for use in the wider educational community often have certain embedded problems and

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Effects Of Poverty On Education Education Essay

The Effects Of Poverty On Education Education Essay In the United States of America, there is great emphasis placed on equal rights for all. Further, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares Education to be a human right (Dhillon, 2011). Yet, in this great country, the poor still do not receive an equal education, an education that could raise kids out of poverty (Dhillon, 2011). Instead, impoverished children are often brought down by a classist system. The role of poverty in the U.S. Poverty is the strongest indicator of a child going to prison (Anders, 2011). Three times the amount of money goes in the prison system than in the schools (Anders, 2011). State governments benefit when people provide for their families with illegal labor rather than turning to welfare, plus the benefit of free labor from prisons (Anders, 2011). Social mobility through education is for the most part a myth; it only holds true in only some communities (Anders, 2011). One would think that the more compassionate and preventative method of providing a quality education would be the more preferable route. Compared to other industrialized countries, the United States of America is quite negligent of its poor. From 1999-2009, the child poverty rate has increased 19.6% (Armstrong, 2009). Every day, 2,500 children are born into poverty in the United States, giving the country one of the highest rates of poverty among industrialized countries (Anders, 2011). The U.S. also allocates fewer resources to social welfare programs, such as public employment services and modest support guaranteed for all children (child allowance, child care, and paid parental leave) than other Western countries, despite the high value placed on being able to work ones way out of poverty (Anders, 2011). Policy makers mistake work with self sufficiency, and feel that work is all that is needed to be able to live off of welfare programs (Anders, 2011). It is impossible to become independent of welfare at minimum wage, which is well below living wage; two full time, minimum wage workers cannot afford the average cost of a one bedroom apartment, and when food, transportation, and health care is added to the needs of the impoverished the debt becomes too much (Anders, 2011). Oftentimes, basic needs such as health care and a good diet are sacrificed by the poor because they cannot get assistance. Poverty and neurobiology. Food is essential to life. A full stomach and a clear mind are essential for learning (Armstrong, 2009). With the increase in child poverty, there has also been an alarming increase in food challenged children (Armstrong, 2009). Malnutrition can lead to vitamin deficiencies, particularly in B vitamins and iron, and in the long term can lead to neurological effects (Armstrong, 2009). Other maladies with possible neurological effects that are more common to low-income children include lead poisoning and asthma (Armstrong, 2009). In general, the brains of impoverished children develop differently (Armstrong, 2009). Many functions of the brain, such as language development and executive functioning (e.g. the ability to plan, remember details, and pay attention) develop much more slowly in low income children compared to their wealthier peers (Armstrong, 2009). By the age of nine or ten, the differences in the brain scans of poor kids, compared to wealthier kids, are almost equivalent to the damage of a stroke (Armstrong, 2009). Poverty effects the childs achievement when he or she is assessed in their first year of school and continues to affect children once they leave poverty; the effects of poverty may be lasting (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Because the background of poverty affects the neurobiology of children, it raises the question of whether anything can be done to help these children. The role of the school. The schools do occasionally try to do something to help impoverished children. Schools sometimes have early, intensive, sustained, intervention programs that also provide good nutrition and health care (Armstrong, 2009). However, with the growth in the child poverty rate, the education system struggles to provide the programs low-income children need to succeed (Armstrong, 2009). These programs are often cut when the economy is down (Armstrong, 2009). Poor schools, such as those in rural areas, have low per-pupil expenditures (Fusarelli Militello, 2012). So, many schools do not have it in their budget to pay for such extensive programs for such a large proportion of their students in the first place. Poor schools also cannot afford good teachers. The students with the most need often have the least experienced teachers (Armstrong, 2009). Schools with high rates of minority students, impoverished students, and English language learners are more likely to hire beginning teachers (Armstrong, 2009). These teachers then move to more affluent schools as they gain experience because the schools dont have the money to retain them (Armstrong, 2009; Fusarelli Militello, 2012). These students are 77% more likely to get out of field teachers (Armstrong, 2009). These schools need to offer incentives such as targeted salary increases, bonuses, housing incentives, tuition assistance, and tax credits (Armstrong, 2009). They also hire non-traditional teaching candidates, such as retired military professionals and high-achieving college students (Armstrong, 2009). Poor schools also have less difficult curricula, higher student to teacher ratios, and receive less funding (Armstrong, 2009). Thus, n ot only are schools lacking in the extra programs that impoverished kids need to catch up with wealthier peers, but they are also hiring less qualified people to teach low-income children, giving children with a low socioeconomic status an unequal education. The role of the parent. If schools cannot make up for the difference in achievement between the poor and the rich, then perhaps the parents can. This assumption is one many policy makers and teachers have (Bower Griffin, 2011). Lack of parental involvement is associated with low student achievement and engagement (Bower Griffin, 2011). Parental involvement seems to be at the root of the achievement gap (Bower Griffin, 2011). Parental involvement is especially low for students of color and low-income households (Bower Griffin, 2011). Schools define parental involvement as volunteering in the school, communicating with teachers, assisting with homework, and attending school events and conferences (Bower Griffin, 2011). Correlational studies show that parental involvement leads to increased social competence and social networks, which leads to resources such as tutoring, enrichment opportunities, and curriculum extensions (Bower Griffin, 2011). By the traditional, white, middle-clas s definition of parental involvement, schools benefit by gaining resources. However, parenting in poverty is exceptionally difficult (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Work schedules, difficulties with transportation, and difficulties with childcare prevent parents from coming to school events and conferences (Bower Griffin, 2011). Informal conversations and unscheduled meetings often work better for parents of low SES, but this is often see as obtrusive (Bower Griffin, 2011). Schools are warned against defining specific behaviors as parental involvement because it can disenfranchise families and make them feel like their efforts are going unrecognized (Bower Griffin, 2011). Low income families are ostracized by white middle class families who see their lack of traditional involvement as a lack of caring about their kids (Bower Griffin, 2011). Not all parents have the time and money the schools definition of parental involvement requires (Bower Griffin, 2011). Parents of poor and minority students, on the other hand, see the schools role as providing academic edu cation and their role as providing moral education; they define parental involvement as providing nurturance, instilling moral and cultural values, and talking with their children (Bower Griffin, 2011). Just because parents are not involved by the white, middle-class definition, does not mean they are not involved in their childrens lives. It is not necessarily the schools definition of parental involvement that determines the success of a child. A study by Kiernan and Mensah (2011) tested the effects of parenting, resources, and poverty on the achievement levels of children in elementary school in a longitudinal study. A parenting index was created using aspects that can help a child thrive despite the disadvantages of poverty: cognitive stimulation, promotion of play and learning, security and warmth in relationships, sensitivity towards the child, physical nurturance, boundaries and standards of behavior, and positive discipline (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). The top third scored 70% in good levels of achievement, the middle scored 51%, and the bottom scored 31% (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Children were ranked from least number of risk factors to impede achievement to most and then put into quintiles; the first had 69% good achievement, the second had 64% good achievement, the third had 53% good achievement, the fourth had 4 2% good achievement, and the fifth, with the highest number of indicators, had 24% good achievement (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Risk factors include income, mothers education, employment, housing, quality of the neighborhood, mothers age at birth, family structure, the number of children in the household, birth order, ethnic origin, and language spoken in the home (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). When tested for poverty, 60% of children who had not lived in poverty reached good levels of achievement compared to 40% in episodic poverty and 26% in persistent poverty (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Kiernan and Mensah (2011) looked for interactions, and found that 44% of children who did not experience poverty had high parenting scores, compared to 11% of children in persistent poverty who had high parenting scores. Meanwhile, 66% of children in persistent poverty had low parenting scores (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Similarly, 60% of children with the highest levels of family resources had high parenting sco res, while only 9% or children with low family resources had high parenting scores. Further, 69% of children with the lowest family resources had low parenting scores (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Achievement scores for those in the lowest level of poverty with the lowest level of parenting were 19%, while it was 58% for the highest level of parenting (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). For those who had not experienced poverty and had high levels of parenting, their achievement levels were 73% (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Poverty has about a 50% effect on achievement and parenting has a 40% effect on parenting within the study (Kiernan Mensah, 2011). Kiernan and Mensah show that although that poverty negatively affects a child, positive parenting practices can help counteract the effects of poverty. The role of the educator. Oftentimes, parents become an excuse not to teach impoverished children. Educators and policy makers absolve themselves of improving the problem with a blame-the-victim mentality by believing all parents of low income kids are lazy, addicted to substances, and dont care about their kids, and especially not their education (Armstrong, 2009). Teachers believe that parents will not become involved in the classroom, even though they refuse to try new methods (Bower Griffin, 2011). Often, the curriculum is not targeted to the children, even though children are most responsive to relevant materials and high stakes testing only exacerbates the problem (Anders, 2011). Instead of finding alternative methods to teach, schools see the child as deficit (Anders, 2011). There are definitely practices out there if teachers would only look. Teachers often do not relate to their students. Teachers primarily consist of white middle class women (Anders, 2011; Armstrong, 2009). Differences between middle and lower class include hidden social rules and communication, interactions, and expectations (Armstrong, 2009). There is a difference in symptoms of generational and situational poverty (Armstrong, 2009). Behaviors and the mindset related to poverty often affect learning (Armstrong, 2009). Identifying the students resources and strengths is proven to increase effectiveness of teaching (Armstrong, 2009). The best practice for educators working with impoverished students is that they should educate themselves on the effects of class and poverty and design curriculum relevant to poor students, drawing on the experiences and intelligences of the students (Armstrong, 2009). Teacher education programs tend to leave out critical conversations about how educators and education research relies primarily on white middle class educat ion (Anders, 2011). So, teachers tend to feel uncomfortable with their minority students (Anders, 2011). Finally, educators should be aware of their own biases and how they affect their interactions and expectations of students (Armstrong, 2009). This is good educational practice, but sadly it is not necessarily common educational practice. The standards of education are set to the white middle-class. Public schools want children to live by the behavioral standards set by the white middle class, including self regulation, memorization, social flexibility, compliance, and respect to authority (Anders, 2011). However, as stated above, children in poverty behave differently. Teachers know each pupil less on an individual basis and rely more on stereotypes (Anders, 2011). Knowing an individual child makes a behavior seem less disruptive and disrespectful and reveals the behavior as understandable and manageable (Anders, 2011) Based on differences, such as behavior, between the poor and the rich, students are academically sorted by socioeconomic status rather than ability based on stereotypes (Armstrong, 2009). However, merely educating oneself on the differences between students could help prevent this. Differences in behavioral standards between social classes lead to low income students being disciplined more in school. Zero tolerance policies, though they do not increase school wide academic achievement scores and in some cases lower them, contributes to school push out and school leaving (Anders, 2011). Students who jeopardize the schools achievement scores on top of having a disciplinary record are more likely to get pushed into the resource room or out of school altogether (Anders, 2011). No Child Left Behind leaves teachers with less time to focus on students because they have to focus more on curriculum and tests (Anders, 2011). In low-track classrooms, teachers rely on authoritarian compliance and give fewer opportunities for active learning (Anders, 2011). These teachers are compared to correctional officers when remembered by prisoners (Anders, 2011). Routines, compliance demands, condemnation, and targeting trained students for academic failure and dropping out (Anders, 2011). It raises the question as to whether or not the educational system, and society at large, wants kids to fail in life. The role of high-stakes tests. The educational system continuously places poor students on a lower track, and potentially forces them out of school, in order to protect their standing on high-stakes tests. Standardized tests test knowledge and skill sets that are more likely to be present in children of upper classes, yet these tests have become more important (Armstrong, 2009). A more prominent example is that the SAT has a persistent, but unintended, statistical bias in the verbal section that negatively affects African American students (Armstrong, 2009). The test has been recreated many times and it cannot relieve itself of bias, and the racial and class biases are very strong (Armstrong, 2009). Some postsecondary institutions base a large portion of their entry on the SAT without any other standardized test (Armstrong, 2009). This could impede impoverished students from getting into those institutions (Armstrong, 2009). Campbells Law, created in 1975, says that if a quantitative social indicator is used in decision making, the more subject it is to pressure and the more likely it will be to distort and corrupt what it was intended to monitor (Dutro Selland, 2012). Since No Child Left Behind, Campbells Law has lead to narrowing curriculum, reorganizing classroom time for tested subjects, reallocating funds for tested subjects (math and English) and students near the cut score, and to persuade teachers to teach in ineffective ways (Dutro Selland, 2012). High stakes testing only shows part of what a child knows. Too much focus on high stakes testing leads to cheating the system, a loss in quality of education, and increased dropout rates (Dutro Selland, 2012). Teachers must focus more on math and English and less on other subjects (Dutro Selland, 2012). They must drill students, especially poor students, on content and form (Dutro Selland, 2012). The form of the test though can often undermine important aspects of content students should know; for exampl e, the writing assessment over simplifies genre and the purpose and process of writing (Dutro Selland, 2012). High stakes tests certainly have their downfalls. Standardized testing is not all bad. Since No Child Left Behind, Schools must be held accountable for the education of their students; they must show this through adequate yearly progress (Booher-Jeening U.S. Department of Education, 2011). All students must be tested (Booher-Jennings U.S Department of Education, 2011). Unfortunately, in many schools there is no extensive help unless a child is in special education in many schools, which may explain why many poor students are pushed down to special education (Booher-Jennings U.S Department of Education, 2011). Further, Response to Intervention, a program that gives struggling children the extra help they need, rather than waiting for them to fail, is starting to be implemented across the nation (Fuchs, Litty, Hatch, 2011). Perhaps, things will change with the implementation of Response to Intervention. An important aspect is how high-stakes tests make children feel about themselves. High stakes tests place children in binary power relations of proficient or non-proficient (Dutro Selland, 2012). Non-proficient children can be locked into a pattern of powerlessness; once a person ascribes to a role or a competence, it is hard to see it another way (Dutro Selland, 2012). A third of the 4th graders knew where they were on the assessment, but didnt know why (Dutro Selland, 2012). They were certain about their reading competence, either for positive or negative (Dutro Selland, 2012). Dutro and Selland (2012) describe one child who despite having recently had a major success in reading, felt like she was a poor reader due to achievement tests. Students should not have to feel belittled by standardized tests, especially when they do work hard to make progress. Conclusion Children should not be put in the middle of a power struggle between the lower and upper classes. Three times the amount of money goes into the prisons than in schools, even though a proper education could easily reduce the amount of criminals because people wouldnt have to turn to crime to make money (Anders, 2011). Unlike in other industrialized countries, the United States does not give low income children the social welfare programs needed to the extent to equalize the opportunities to achieve. Families are left to struggle on their own to come up with resources such as housing, food, and health care. Many children of low income families academically develop at much slower rates due to lack of proper nutrition. Families also have a difficult time with housing and this provides discontinuity with curriculum and routines. Despite these difficulties, schools expect parents to make up for extensive schooling that they do not offer; poor schools have less money, less educational resou rces, and less qualified teachers than other schools. Parents do not have the time or money, and often times the education, to be extra involved and believe that it is the schools job to educate their children. Parents believe their job is to be the moral support for their child and the schools job is to be the academic support. A study by Kiernan and Mensah (2011) supports the parents belief that positive parenting can help a child to succeed, despite poverty. Unfortunately, the schools solution to offering extensive help to impoverished students is too often to push them to a lower track in school or forcing them out of school all together. Educators are primarily white, middle class women who do not relate to their students. If they did research on poverty, they could help prevent this all together. That way, students would not be discouraged and would not feel like failures for the rest of their lives. An increase in putting students in special education and forcing them to leav e school has increased due to high-stakes tests. While high stakes tests hold schools, teachers, and students more accountable, they also have lead to schools cheating the program and this is one really unfortunate result. Standardized tests tend to favor the white middle-class, meaning that poor students are at a disadvantage. Children who do poorly on the tests feel bad about themselves, even if they are making strides in the classroom. Even when they are not told how they did, they have a feeling how well they did on the test and are fairly accurate. It is important to keep in mind that poor children can succeed despite their disadvantages and more importantly despite all stereotypes. The poor in America are receiving unequal education thanks to stereotypes, funding, and high-stakes tests. While it is true that low income children may be disadvantaged from environmental stressors and are more likely to be delayed as a result of their environment and poor nutrition, with extensive programs and better nutrition more achievement can be gained. Equal education for the poor, and prevention of crime through better education, is attainable.

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political

In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34). The Political Status of Tibet and China :: Foreign Policy Politics Political In contemporary society, before major decisions are made, we are often urged to look back at the pertinent historical information and see if we can use this information to help us make clearer decisions and definitions especially in national and international policies. The real problem with this is that those making decisions often have a personal investment in the decision and are able to skew history and data towards the solution that they prefer. In these cases, it is necessary to look at both sides of the information before reaching a decision, and this is what I have tried to do concerning China’s policies and political viewpoint of Tibet. Through using objective and pro-Chinese documents, as well as outside knowledge of pro-Tibet viewpoints, I have attempted to prove whether or not I feel the Chinese are justified in claiming authority over Tibet, and conversely, whether Tibet is justified in claiming autonomy from China. My conclusion is that neither is justified. Through studying the political histories of the relationship of China and Tibet since the Tang Dynasty, constructed as alternating periods of each state’s dominance over each other in different ways, I believe that neither China nor Tibet is justified in their political opinions over the other and instead they historically have been partners unable to clearly be separate from each other. In order to properly come to a conclusion on what the actual historical status of Tibet and China is, one must begin with the first real documented political relationship existing between the two states. This period begins with the Tang Dynasty ruling in China (approximately 618 to 908 AD) and a series of powerful tribal chiefs in Tibet, referred to as the â€Å"‘Tubo’ in Chinese historical documents† (Yin 201). During this period, the Tubo were a highly powerful group, and for almost three centuries, constant battles erupted between Tibet and China, not clearly defined with borders yet. The Tibetans were still a highly nomadic society and sparsely spread along the high Tibetan plains. As the tribal chiefs began to gain more power, larger groups of people would congregate, and battles broke out when the nomadic Tibetans would either travel into Chinese territory or when the Chinese would infringe upon the Tibetan nomads’ lands. Due to the unclearly de fined borders between China and Tibet, many â€Å"minor frontier states† existed as a buffer zone between Tibet and China (Norbu 34).

Thursday, October 24, 2019

African Americans in the Civil War

Roman Robinson Kristen Anderson HIST 3060 February 25, 13 African Americans and the Civil War The role African Americans played in the outcome, and the road to the outcome of the Civil War was immense. The fact that the south had slaves and the north did not played an enormous role in the issues. The north wanted to abolish slavery, and the south did not and after the war started this became one of the main reasons for the Civil War. Since most African Americans could not read or write, this made them an easy target, for slavery, against the dominant white man.Once the slaves got to America they started to realize how much trouble they were actually in. The north and the south had a problem brewing, and that was due to the slave uprisings and the run a ways. African Americans played an enormous role in the outcome of the Civil War because of the part they took in it. The civil war, which took place from 1861 to the 1920s, the African American community made tremendous strides toward them becoming apart of America and equals in America. Since they had been controlled by the power of the whites for so long, their independence was extremely unfamiliar to them, with their new emancipation.Since they were so uncertain, they debated about the most effect way to go about actually receiving the rights they deserved. They did not just want to be inferior Negros. Some African Americans thought the actual approach would be to go along with the submissive status the whites held them to, so they could earn their respect until fairness pervaded. Others were more wishful with their thinking and thought the military would make whites surrender and give blacks their basic rights. Those who were still they are thought that no progress would ever come.These blacks decided that it was essential to escape the shackles and cruel attitudes toward blacks. The civil war initially began to save the Union. At the start of the war slave masters were terribly scared that the slaves would r un to join the Union and help the war efforts. To subsidize the problem, most owner enforced harsh restrictions on their slaves. Some owners even moved their whole plantations inland to avoid any contact with the outside northerners. This did not stop the slaves one bit though, this just caused more slave to flee to the north. The slaves that did decide to stay just demanded more freedom from their masters.Some would say the ones that stayed even gained more power; this forced their masters to give them offerings in exchange for work. The issues of emancipation and military service were intertwined from almost the beginning of the war. News from Fort Sumter made African Americans rush to enlist in military units. They were all turned away since there was a law dating from 1792 that kept African Americans from joining the U. S. army. In Boston disappointed African Americans met and passed a resolution that requested the Government to modify its laws to permit them to enlist. Then Lin coln’s Second Confiscation Act was passed.The act stated that, Confederates who did not surrender with in sixty days of the acts passage were to be punished by having their slaves freed. The Militia Act was also passed. This act stated African Americans were allowed to fight in the war. These two acts together thoroughly punished rebel slaveholders. The African Americans that enlisted both fought in the front lines and worked behind the scenes labor jobs. All these rights that the African Americans were receiving inspired them to return home and free their families and friends. Some of them even started living in the plantations that they used to be slaves of.They took them over and began their own cropping. Some of the other plantations had been left to older disabled white woman, when the men had left for the Confederate army. All of this led to the separation of slave labor in the south After trying terribly hard to keep the issue of slavery out of the war, the North decid ed to start enlisting African Americans to help them fight in the war. The Fifty-Fourth regiment was created by the Union Army, and was the only all black unit. This Union in particular contributed to the war efforts of the North and showed a new found power among blacks.The regiment started when John Andrew sent a request to the secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, to create a volunteer regiment of African Americans (3). African Americans from all over the country joined. To help recruit even further they called for help from African American leaders like, Frederick Douglas and William Wells Brown. In just two months over one thousand African Americans, one from at least every state, had enlisted in the regiment. The leader of the regiment would not be black though, they wanted the superior officer to have some certain credentials.The job description posted read: â€Å"Young Man of Military Experience Of firm antislavery principles, ambitious, Superior to the vulgar contempt of color Having Faith in the capacity of colored men for military purpose† (2) The man picked for the job was Robert Shaw. The African American regiment and their captain set off for Beaufort, South Carolina on May 28, 1863 (1). They were to attack Fort Wagner, which was a vital key to Charleston. They only way to storm the fort was to go through loads and loads of Confederates. The sheer size of the Confederates to the Fifty- Fourth regiment was an obstacle in itself.The regiment knew the amount of obstacles they would have to overcome to achieve a victory and yet they kept marching. Shaw and a few men marched to the top of the parapet, and there Shaw was shot and killed. Though this was almost a complete disaster for the regiment they had set a path for future African American soldiers. Frederick Douglas said, â€Å"Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U. S. , let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship. One thousand seventy-nine African Americans had served in the Civil War. They served in both the U. S. Army and about two thousand served in the Navy. By the time the war was over, forty thousand had died in battle and thirty thousand had died of disease and infection. African American soldiers performed all the jobs needed to run an army. They also served as carpenters, chaplains, cooks, guards, laborers, nurses, scouts, spies, steamboat pilots, surgeons, and teamsters (4). There were nearly 80 black commissioned officers (4). Harriet Tubman was the most famous spy; she served for the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers.Tubman decided to help the Union Army because she wanted freedom for all of the people who were forced into slavery, not just the few she could help by herself. And she convinced many other brave African Americans to join her as spies, even at the risk of being hanged if they were caught (4). Am ong Harriet Tubman were many other African American women who served as nurses, spies and scouts. Although, no women were allowed to formally join the army. When black troops were captured by the confederate soldiers, they faced harsher punishments than the white troops.In 1863 the Confederate Congress threatened to punish officers of African American troops and enslave the African Americans, if they were captured. As a result of this, President Lincoln issued General Order 233, which threatened payback on Confederate prisoners of war, if they mistreated African American troops. This order did scare the Confederates a little, but African American soldiers were still treated harsher than whites. In one of the worst examples of this abuse, Confederate soldiers shot to death black Union soldiers, captures at Fort Pillow, TN, in 1864().Confederate General Nathan B. Forrest witnessed it all and did nothing to stop it. The President, Abraham Lincoln, issued the Emancipation Proclamation o n January 1, 1863. This proclamation eventually led to the freedom of all slaves. The document officially made free all bondsmen in the areas of the Confederacy that were still in rebellion. Slavery although was not abolished in the Border States, Tennessee, or the Union occupied areas of Louisiana and Virginia. The proclamation only affected the states in rebellion, so after the efforts it didn’t actually free any slaves.On the other hand, it did strengthen the Northern war efforts, because they knew they were fighting for a cause. Over five hundred thousand slaves had escaped to the North by the end of the civil war. Many of the escapees joined the Union Army, which tremendously increased its power. As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation, the thirteenth Amendment was created. The Amendment created on December 18, 1865, legally freed all slaves still in bondage. The final step the Emancipation Proclamation was to depress England and France from arriving to the war on t he side of the South.England and France wanted to enter the war on the South side, because the South had supplied them both with cotton and tobacco. England and Frances stance changed when they heard that the war had changed to a fight over slavery. Both nations were opposed to slavery, so ended up giving their support to the Union. That led to the winning of the fight for freedom. Juneteenth was the day created to celebrate the emancipation, when the slaves heard about it that midsummer. The holiday is still celebrated today. Abraham Lincoln said, â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand.I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved. I do not expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. â€Å"(3) African Americans along with the rest of the Union were fighting for this freedom and equality that Abraham Lincoln, was talking abo ut. African American contributions were not limited to the role of working the fields in the south or supplying labor for industry in the north.Many African Americans in both south and north participated in either direct or supporting roles in the military. The War Between the States proved to be a war fought for democracy. The liberation that the slaves had been waiting for, recovered the ideas that founded the United States of America. All men were equal under the law. Since, the African Americans made such a persistent effort the changes were made more quickly. Africans pushed for their own emancipation by resisting their masters and other labor tasks.Although a formal Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment freed blacks in America, it would be a long time before they received all the rights they deserved. The minds of Americans had been so engrained with racism only decades of hard work would lessen this. Works Cited 1) Freeman, Elsie, Wynell Burroughs Schamel, and Je an West. â€Å"The Fight for Equal Rights: A Recruiting Poster for Black Soldiers in the Civil War. † Social Education 56, 2 (February 1992): 118-120. 2) â€Å"Blacks in the Civil War. †. Colorado College. Web. 3 Mar 2013.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Gothic conventions in ‘The Others’ Essay

The film ‘The Others’ made by Alejandro Amenabar in 2011 is a film about a woman who lives with her two photosensitive children in their large, old home which she believes is haunted by ghosts. This film uses a large range of techniques and ideas to emphasise and contribute to its gothic themes. These techniques include dark and light imagery, symbolism and setting. The Others also uses traditional gothic ideas to develop these themes throughout the movie, including suffering, fixation of death and supernatural elements. Over all these ideas and techniques contribute to the eerie feel and suspense which makes this movie so captivating and gothic. The first technique used in ‘The Others’ is dark and light imagery, throughout the entire film there is a battle between truth and how it is perceived and Amenabar uses this light and darkness as a symbol of this. An obvious example is the curtains which as used to block out all light and ‘protect’ the children. They create a haunting darkness throughout the entire house for the most part of the movie, this is contrasted by the candles the mother walks around with showing how she is the key to the truth. At the end of the movie when the children become aware of the truth- that their mother killed them and they’re ghosts the curtains are removed allowing light or the truth to flood into the house. The use of dark and light imagery helps enhance the gothic themes by creating the mood and setting of the film. Another technique used to create a gothic feeling in the film is symbolism. Symbolism is used to make subtle hints to what the ‘truth’ is and to make you feel like things aren’t what they seem. Some examples are the clothing used in ‘The Others’ where Grace (the main character) wore dark, long dresses which covered up the majority of her body. These outfit choices were not only used to set the time period of the movie but it was also used a symbol. Her clothing was symbolic of the dark, repressive nature of her society and her internal suffering shown in the dark reds of her dresses. One more example is the constant looking of doors which is resemblant of entrapment of the mind and physically. This symbol also is used to depict the hidden secret which the family keeps throughout the film and the doors  are only unlocked when the secret is released. The setting was used in the film ‘The Others’ as the key stepping stone to making the movie have a gothic feeling to it. The main characters live in a large home with many different secret areas and rooms which are made more secretive by the darkness that the curtains create. These rooms are used to foreshadow for the hidden secrets which are contained in their home. The house is surrounded by a large forest which cuts them off from the rest of civilisation, this is used in gothic stories to create a feeling of isolation and to physically represent the psychological separation which the family has from the world. Beyond the forest is covered in fog which emphasises the isolation and secrecy which was a key idea which was repeatedly brought up in the film. A common gothic idea which was used in the film ‘The Others’ was the idea of suffering both physically and psychologically and how they are linked together. Suffering is very often used in gothic stories because it shows the inner darkness of the mind and the evilness of humans. Shown in the film through Grace (the main character) who has been waiting since the war finished for her husband to come home. After years the stress of raising two children on her own and potentially losing her husband weighs on her and causes a psychological suffering which she can’t show in front of her children or staff. Eventually Grace can no longer live with the pressure of her psychological suffering and she snaps which shows the link between psychological and physical suffering and she kills her children and then herself as she can no longer bare living with the thought of what she had done. This traditional gothic idea was used in the movie to show that every day people are capab le of evil and dark things when pushed. A recurring theme throughout the entire film is a fixation with death. This is an idea used in gothic texts because of its darkness and mystery as no one really knows about what happens when one dies but we know it is the ultimate payment in life. Most gothic writers are fascinated with it and have a preoccupation with it in stories as it creates a feeling of eeriness and shows that something is not quite right. This is also linked in with  supernatural elements which work as a symbol for death. In ‘The Others’ supernatural themes and a preoccupation with death are used throughout the entire film from the lingering death of the husband in the war, the book of the dead, the cemetery which surrounds the house and the constant idea of ghosts. All of these examples were used by the director to create suspense and to slowly build up and lead to the ending of the film. Over all the film ‘The Others’ used a large range of techniques and gothic conventions in order to captivate the audience and contribute to a scary and unsettling feel over the course of the movie. These techniques are dark and light imagery which emphasises the perception of truth, Symbolism which uncovers the secret themes and ideas of the film and setting which was used to create the idea of isolation. This movie also uses many gothic ideas in order to communicate the gothic themes, these ideas include psychological and physical suffering, preoccupation with death and supernatural elements. All of these conventions were used effectively in order to create the movie’s gothic feeling.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Reflection on mental health nursing Essay Essay Example

Reflection on mental health nursing Essay Essay Example Reflection on mental health nursing Essay Essay Reflection on mental health nursing Essay Essay This is a brooding essay based on my attending at a multidisciplinary squad ( MDT ) meeting whilst on my two-week arrangement at a local mental wellness twenty-four hours infirmary. The purpose of this essay is to discourse the importance of the multidisciplinary squad within the mental wellness environment and discuss factors that can act upon the success or failure of multidisciplinary squads. Mental wellness squads by and large comprise of head-shrinkers. clinical psychologists. nurses. occupational healers and societal workers. but other healers such as household healers. clinical psychologists and counselors might besides go involved in the attention of the patient ( Perkins A ; Repper 1998 ) . Multidiscipline engagement is of import within mental wellness nursing as people with mental wellness jobs have multiple demands. so a assortment of expertness is required to run into the demands of these people ( Darby et al 1999 ) . Multidisciplinary mental wellness squads can been defined as: â€Å"A group of practicians with different professional preparation. employed by more than one bureau. who meet on a regular basis to organize their work supplying services to one or more clients in a defined area† ( Ovretveit. 1993: 9 cited in Onyett 2003 ) The advantage of a multidisciplinary squad attack is that all professionals work together by roll uping the facts and by conveying information together. to obtain as complete a position as possible of the jobs of each single patient. In making this they are able to do certain that the proper scope of interventions are used in a decently planned manner ( Onyett 2003 ) . One of the disadvantages of a multidisciplinary squad is that jobs can be encountered when different professionals work together. there can be ill-defined ends. deficiency of way and hapless leading ( Darby et al 1999 ) . In order to construction this contemplation I have chosen Gibbs ( 1988 ) as the theoretical account to assist with my brooding procedure. This theoretical account comprises of a procedure that helps the single expression at a state of affairs and believe about their ideas and feelings at the clip of the incident. Reflective accomplishments help us to believe about what could hold been done. so that if a similar state of affairs occurs once more the experience gained can be used to cover with the state of affairs in a professional mode ( Burns et al 1997 ) . To enable me to utilize this state of affairs for my contemplation the patient will be referred to as â€Å"Kate† . This is in order that her existent name is protected and that confidentially maintained in line with the NMC ( 2002 ) Code of Professional Conduct. Description Kate is a 66-year-old lady. retired from her occupation as a nurse 10 old ages ago. She has lived entirely since the decease of her hubby 7 old ages ago. and has one really supportive boy who lives locally and visits 2-3 times a hebdomad. Kate was referred to the infirmary by her physician after showing with an 18-month history of memory jobs and it was decided that she should go to the twenty-four hours infirmary for a period of six hebdomads to be assessed and to be involved in curative activities whilst at that place. Whilst go toing the twenty-four hours infirmary she was observed. and found to be insistent with obvious grounds of fiction. really disorientated. with hapless concentration and really hapless short-run memory. The adviser asked the mental wellness nurses to measure Kate and trials indicated that she may be enduring from a moderate grade of dementedness. Dementia is a mental upset caused by structural alterations in the encephalon and affects about 10 per cent of people aged over 65 ( Newell A ; Gournay 2000 ) . An MDT meeting was so arranged to discourse the bundle of attention needed for this lady. to enable her to go on populating safely in her ain place. The Consultant chaired the meeting by conveying the squad to the attending of Kate’s medical history and the jobs herself and boy had been sing. He felt she would profit from medicine to assist her memory jobs. The community psychiatric nurse ( CPN ) so discussed to the squad the concerns of Kates boy. he had informed her that Kate is rolling at inappropriate times of twenty-four hours and seldom retrieving to eat. she is besides on a regular basis burying to turn off the lights-outs and gas contraptions in the house. He is really concerned for the safety of his female parent. The occupational healer suggested she visit to measure Kate’s safety in her place refering these issues. The societal worker discussed the possibility of place carers but the mental wellness nurse who knows Kate good. Tells of her concerns that Kate is neer at place. The societal worker suggested a instance meeting affecting the boy who could perchance guarantee that his female parent takes her medicine on a regular basis and to seek and guarantee that she remains at place until the carers arrive. It was agreed that if this did non work or was unsuitable for Kate or her boy. any jobs identified could be discussed and resolved at a future MDT meeting. Feelingss I felt really comfy and really accepted within the MDT meeting. The ambiance was friendly and relaxed and everybody at that place seemed to hold something to lend. Everyone was encouraged to take part and I felt that I could hold contributed to the treatment if I had known the patient better. I feel they would hold listened to my thoughts and non dismissed them due to me being a pupil. Everybody communicated good with each other and had the best involvements of Kate in head and so treatments were made until the best result was achieved for her. This demonstrates the benefit and importance of communicating within a squad and how all parts within meetings should be valued ( Perkins A ; Repper 1998 ) . Evaluation There are many positive facets of this peculiar MDT they all worked good together as a squad with the same end in head. The squad discussed all the different options available and all the jobs that might originate and looked to the hereafter to discourse farther meetings to measure if the bundle of attention put into topographic point was suited. I found it really interesting to see a MDT in action and witness the teamwork between different subjects. With the aid and support provided by her boy and the MDT Kate will hopefully be able to stay life in her ain place. safely for every bit long as possible. The dissatisfactory facet of this instance is that if Kate is neer at place when the CPN. and carers arrive this can hold a negative impact on the bundle of attention put in topographic point. and residential attention may necessitate to be considered at a ulterior day of the month. Analysis This peculiar mental wellness squad worked highly good together. the adviser chaired the meeting and was the leader of the meeting. Onyett ( 2003 ) suggests that the presence of a clear squad leader is associated with squad effectivity. The NMC ( 2002 ) provinces than nurses should work in a collaborative mode with healthcare professionals and others involved in supplying the attention for the patient. and recognise and esteem their peculiar parts within the attention squad. The instance of Kate is grounds of a multidisciplinary squad and wellness professionals working together and interrupting down barriers to supply the right bundle of attention for this person. Kate’s unwellness non merely affects her but besides members of her household who are seeking their best to back up her. Darby et Al ( 1999 ) states that theses troubles can hold a profound impact non merely on the life of the person who experiences them. but besides on the lives of those around them. The MDT were to the full cognizant of this and so arranged a instance meeting with the boy so that all the different options could be discussed. Kate wanders off entirely unaware of the clip of twenty-four hours or dark. Whilst person with dementedness rolling off and acquiring lost on a cold dark is clearly in danger. small can be done to do a individual stay indoors against their wants. Perkins A ; Repper ( 1998 ) discusses the hard balance between the wants. demands and rights of the single to populate as they wish and professional codifications of behavior which impose upon the wellness professionals a â€Å"duty of care† to guarantee the safety of the person. Decision It can be seen from this MDT meeting that clear leading and good communicating between members of the squad is critical to guarantee they come together with a clear apprehension of the results to be achieved and every bit equipped with all the information available to get the better of patients’ single jobs. Team working signifiers the footing of mental wellness nursing and can act upon the success or failure of the attention and intervention the patient receives. This effectual squad has the possible to accomplish positive results for both Kate and her boy now and in the hereafter if needed. Action program If I find myself in this type of state of affairs once more. I would be more confident in take parting in the MDT meeting. I have learnt from this state of affairs that good teamwork and communicating between each other is critical to the result of the bundle of attention decided. This contemplation has highlighted the demand to increase my cognition and apprehension of the multidisciplinary squad and the importance of the results of these meetings and how they can impact the patients and family’s quality of life. which will assist me to believe really carefully about the determinations I make refering patients attention in the hereafter. I will turn to this larning demand by working closely with my wise man and other multidisciplinary squad members and by reading relevant literature. As a pupil I am cognizant that there is a batch more to larn and with more clip and experience and with the aid of my wise mans I will be able to increase my cognition and apprehension of how dif ferent subjects work together. Mentions Burns. S. Bulman. C. Palmer. A. ( 1997 ) Reflective Practice in Nursing – The growing of the professional practician. London: Blackwell Science. Darby. S. Marr. J. Crump. A Scurfield. M ( 1999 ) Older Peoples. Nursing A ; Mental Health. Oxford: Buterworth-Heinemann. Gibbs. G ( 1988 ) Learning by Making. A usher to instruction and larning methods. Cheltenham: The Geography Discipline Network. ( GDN ) . Newell. R. Gournay. K ( 2000 ) Mental Health Nursing – An grounds based attack. London: Churchill Livingstone. Nursing and Midwifery Council ( 2002 ) Code of Professional Conduct: London Onyett. S. ( 2003 ) Teamworking in Mental Health. Bristol: Palgrave Macmillan. Perkins. R. Repper. J. ( 1998 ) Dilemmas in Community Mental Health. Oxon: Radcliff Medical Press Ltd.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Uranium mining in Kakadu essays

Uranium mining in Kakadu essays The issue I am reporting on concerns the effect that uranium mining has on the Australian land that the local Aboriginal tribes own. There are many causes of this problem. One such cause is the mining companies views. They believe that they should mine the uranium because it could make huge profits for the Australian economy and because it will provide jobs for the local people. However the local Aboriginal tribes think that, while the money they are receiving as compensation from the mining companies is helping in many ways it has also disrupted their way of life and has made them forget the ways their culture is based on and around the land. In addition to these causes there is also a factor which will affect much more than the local tribes. This factor is the environmental side of the uranium mining. People believe that there is a high risk of radioactive wastes finding their way into the waterways. Especially in the Northern Territory because of the notorious wet season and its feared flood waters will bring the waste all over Australia. I have also thought of many solutions to this problem. One solution is that the mining companies should only be allowed to mine uranium on sites where there is not any local Aboriginal tribes connected to the land. The benefits of this solution are: the Aboriginal tribes will not be affected by the mining in any way and the mining companies will still make a profit for themselves and the economy. Another solution is to cease uranium mining altogether. Australia could find an alternative way to supply power. The benefits of this are: the Aboriginal tribes will not be pressured into letting their land be mined, there will be no need to fear of radioactive wastes escaping and the land will not be disrupted in any way. An alternate solution to the issue is to try and find a way to mine the uranium underground. If the mining companies could find a way to mi ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Earl Warren was born on March 19, 1891, in Los Angeles, California to immigrant parents who moved the family to Bakersfield, California in 1894 where Warren would grow up.   Warren’s father worked in the railroad industry, and Warren would spend his summer working in railroading.   Warren attended the University of California, Berkeley (Cal) for his undergraduate degree, a B.A. in political science in 1912, and his J.D. in 1914 from the Berkeley School of Law. In 1914, Warren was admitted to the California bar. He took his first legal job working for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, where he stayed for one year before moving to the Oakland firm of Robinson Robinson. He remained there until August 1917 when he enlisted in the United States Army to serve in World War I. Life After World War I First Lieutenant Warren was discharged from the Army in 1918, and he was hired as a Judicial Committee Clerk for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly where he stayed until 1920.   From 1920 to 1925, Warren was Oakland’s Deputy City Attorney and in 1925, he was appointed as Alameda County’s District Attorney. During his years as a prosecutor, Warren’s ideology concerning the criminal justice system and law enforcement techniques began taking shape.   Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms as Alameda’s D.A., having made a name for himself as a hard-nosed prosecutor who fought public corruption at all levels. Attorney General of California In 1938, Warren was elected to California’s Attorney General, and he assumed that office in January 1939.   On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Attorney General Warren, believing that civil defense was a main function of his office, became the leading proponent of moving Japanese away from the California coast. This resulted in more than 120,000 Japanese being placed in internment camps without any due process rights or charges or any kind officially brought against them.   In 1942, Warren called the Japanese presence in California â€Å"the Achilles heel of the entire civilian defense effort.†   After serving one term, Warren was then elected as California’s 30th Governor taking office in January 1943.    While at Cal, Warren became friends with Robert Gordon Sproul, who would remain close friends throughout his life.   In 1948, Sproul nominated Governor Warren for Vice President at the Republican National Convention to be Thomas E. Dewey’s running mate.   Harry S. Truman won the Presidential election.   Warren would remain as Governor until October 5, 1953 when President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed him to be the 14th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Career as Supreme Court Chief Justice While Warren did not have any judicial experience, his years of actively practicing law and political accomplishments placed him in a unique position on the Court and also made him an efficient and influential leader.   Warren was also adept at forming majorities that supported his views on major Court opinions. The Warren Court rendered a number of major decisions. These included:   Brown v. Board of Education, which declared segregation policies in public schools unconstitutional,Loving v. Virginia, which declared anti-miscegenation laws (laws that enforced and/or criminalized racial segregation in marriage and intimate relationships) unconstitutional,Griswold v. Connecticut, which stated that the Constitution contains a general right to privacy,Abington School District v. Schempp, which prohibited mandatory Bible readings in schools,and Engel v. Vitale, which prohibited official prayer in schools. Also, Warren used his experiences and ideological beliefs from his days as District Attorney to change the landscape in the arena. These cases included:   Brady v. Maryland, which requires the government to provide exculpatory evidence to a defendant,Miranda v. Arizona, which requires that a defendant being questioned by law enforcement must be informed about his rights,Gideon v. Wainwright, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during Court proceedings,Escobedo v. Illinois, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during interrogation by law enforcement,Katz v. United States, which extended Fourth Amendment protection to all areas where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy,Terry v. Ohio, which allows law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a person if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person may be armed and presently dangerous.   In addition to the number of major decisions that the Court released while he was Chief Justice, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to lead what became known as â€Å"The Warren Commission† which investigated and compiled a report about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1968, Warren tendered his resignation from the Court to President Eisenhower when it became apparent that Richard Milhous Nixon would become the next President.   Warren and Nixon had a mutually strong dislike for each other stemming from events that occurred at the 1952 Republican National Convention.   Eisenhower attempted to name his replacement but was unable to have the Senate confirm the nomination.   Warren ended up retiring in 1969 while Nixon was President and passed away in Washington, D.C., on July 9, 1974.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Global strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global strategy - Essay Example Their response can turn the position of any organization either way, hence knowing the customer demand is of immense importance. What is the output: having identified and addressed the other four components appropriately, the evaluation of the product or process manufactured is important, it can be done so through comparison with objectives defined and objectives achieved (Drucker, 2008). Leader is the person who leads, leadership is the process where one particular individual leads the ranks and guides rest of the team that is following the individual person. Leadership is not an individual goals achievement process; rather it is a collective process that involves taking on board all the members involved in the project. Leaders’ decisions, actions, strategy turn the fate of project and organization either way (Kellerman, 2004). An Effective leader relies on the principles of professionalism, organizational productivity, customer satisfaction, fulfilling of merits and rules are few of the top priorities of an effective leader. Besides, effective leader promotes team work, encourages his subordinates and provides them with facilities and opportunities that are beneficial both for the individuals and the organizations. Goals should be set high despite average level surroundings, and focus should be on professional work ethics regardless of the ineffective members and leadership around. Â  Young leader should follow the guidelines defined by the book, and should make every decision based on merit. Providing equal opportunities to the subordinates and bringing the best out of his lower staff are few of the qualities a leader should possess. Finally, devising an effective strategy is of core importance towards a successful business venture, this is complemented by the appropriate plan of actions to be taken.Guidelines should be provided to the new executives that provide them with a pattern of what is to achieve and how to go

Friday, October 18, 2019

Bipolar Disorder in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Bipolar Disorder in Children - Essay Example They child may actually be diagnosed as having behavioral disorder, as a friend of mine did as a teenager, but there were no known medications to help treat it. Today, although diagnosis continues to be an area of frustration both for the parent and the psychiatrist, the knowledge that children can have bipolar disorder has made diagnosis more acceptable, recognition of the disease more likely, and treatment more successful. With the advancements in modern medicine and the study of psychology and psychiatry over the last decade as well as with the lifestyle choices available, life for bipolar children can be much different than that of their counterparts in the past. It is very important that bipolar disorder be treated. Left untreated, it can be a complete disaster for the child and those around him or her. Mania is especially dangerous, as a person experiencing the manic portion of bipolar disorder is quite literally a "maniac" (you can see how 'maniac' stems from the word 'mania') and there is no limit to what that person will do in that state. He or she may drive drunken, patrol around dangerous neighborhoods in the middle of the night, spend all of his or her money, steal, lie, and perform stunts that no one in his or her right mind would do. He or she is also more likely do fall into a life of drugs. One of the most difficult aspects of bipolar disorder in children is the correct diagnosis of the disease. Besides the obvious, "what is a normal question" in children, the disease is often coupled with other behavior or emotional problems that make the cause of the symptoms difficult to isolate. Also, because children are still developing their personality, testing boundaries, establishing behavior patterns, as well as learning communication abilities, recognizing the disease is very difficult in young children. The symptoms described previously vary between individuals and even within the same individual. Symptoms that are apparent at one time are replaced with another manifestation. Many of the symptoms mock depression or paranoid schizophrenia as well, and so they can be misdiagnosed in that fashion. Figure 1: The Different Sides of Bipolar Disorder Source: Cecille the Storyteller, 2009 The Purpose Statement A person that is misdiagnosed with Bipolar Disorder disease is frequently confused with ADHD and stimulants, along with the aforementioned afflictions, which in turn can make Bipolar Disorder worse because the child is not receiving the proper treatment and Bipolar Disorder can be very dangerous untreated. In addition, Bipolar Disorder in children is misdiagnosed due to the child taking the wrong medications, usually for depression. As can be seen in the following diagram, one can easily see how a misinformed doctor could diagnose Bipolar Disorder as depression or another related illness: Figure 1: People with Bipolar Disorder Are Depressed for Almost 1/3 of Their Lives Source: CNS Spectrums, 2009, pg. 1 Statement of the

Class learning log Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Class learning log - Research Paper Example The term competitive intelligence is not as old or common as marketing or finance, neither it is separable from the other operations of any organization. It signifies continuous effort of a company to maintain its position in the era of cut throat competition and bring value to its stakeholders. The two most significant learning in the Competitive Intelligence class for me has been the Intelligence Cycle and KITS (Key Intelligence Topics). Both these processes have different significance. The Intelligence cycle consists of stages of Planning, Collection, Analysis and Dissemination and an extension of the traditional competitive intelligence. At the same time, KIT is the process of identifying and prioritizing the key intelligence needs for the senior managers. Interestingly the six CI question of the beginning of the first class created much of interest. This class talked about the recognition and respect of the profession, applicability of law, disclosure of information, confidentiality of information, conflicting issues and ways to avoid conflicts of interests in fulfilling one’s duties, ethical standards and many more. This was the first experience of knowing understanding different aspect of business environment can bring an opportunity to leverage on as well as negligence can be fatal for the survival of the organization. Understanding of environment provides an opportunity to change it. Deeper is the profile and intelligence, broader is the understanding of elements of environment and easier it will be for a business professional to get clues from the environment as warning and develop strategies that can either help in preparing for unforeseen circumstances or leverage on that too. There are various terms given to competitiv e intelligence such as foresight, insight, environmental scanning, peripheral vision, competing through analytics and business

LOVE - A Visit to the Museum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LOVE - A Visit to the Museum - Assignment Example Some of the websites navigated include but not limited to: Smithsonian American Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and Museum of Modern Art among others. From almost all the museums that I explored, child-friendly and resources was vastly covered. In some family programs for both parents and children was combined and they learn and get entertained together. Parents, caregivers and children are offered engaging gallery tours. Variety of artworks, including paintings, sculptures, snapshots, folk arts are available for both family and children (Schwarz, 1996). Children also find it interesting as they get an access to coloring books, numerous kid activities and games and also some music. Some of the activities are accessed through the gallery tours while others are accessible online while still in the museum. All the museums have research centers and programs which most favors teachers. The centers provide adequate information, variety of resources and training opportunities to the educators/teachers. Experts in various fields are hired to help in fortifying education both domestically and globally (Schwarz, 1996). Laboratories for creating models and inventive informal education are also available. Moreover, teachers also get an opportunity to have objective overview of various things; they also get questions for various subjects. Teachers also get ideas of how they can link art and curriculum in multiple subjects and topics. Museum sites also offer numerous resources, including the lesson plans that look at the way art can manipulate various magnitudes of religious experience. This is one of the ways that teachers can use in enhancing children’s art inside the classroom (Schwarz, 1996). I found it very easy in navigating the site, there is a sequential order on the activities is covered, both in writing and on exhibition. One does not require to be

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Web Mining and Social Multimedia Research Paper

Web Mining and Social Multimedia - Research Paper Example However, how does data mining filters the information gathered from the web from undesirable and inaccurate data that is so often giving us difficulties in gathering valuable and high-quality results? It is common knowledge that the data found on the web is unstructured, dynamic, complex and huge in amount. This results in difficulties for analyzing such data. What techniques and applications are used in Web Mining to overcome these difficulties? The answers to these questions could benefit both research and industry communities. Web Mining and Social Multimedia Introduction Web mining refers to the application of data mining techniques to extract patterns from the web. Generally data mining allows for analysis of data in order to make rational decision based on the data report collected. It is common knowledge that the data found on the web is unstructured, dynamic, complex and huge in amount which results in difficulties for analyzing such data. Consequently the information gathere d by web mining can be further evaluated using various software or through the traditional data mining parameters such as classification, clustering and association. There are three main axes of web mining which include content mining, usage mining and structure mining. Content mining is usually applied in the examination of data collected by web spiders and search engines. On the other hand, structure mining is used when examining the structure of given websites while usage mining is generally used to study data related to user’s browser as well as the data collected by the forms users usually submit during their web transactions. When such data is being analyzed based on the web documents, especially with a wide spread of social multimedia, the information gathered can benefit research institutions, businesses and economy overall. Additionally web mining can potentially be used in customer relationship management by helping to evaluate the customer behavior, effectiveness o f the website as well as quantify the success of the marketing campaign used in the World Wide Web. Although web mining has numerous potential benefits particularly with regard to the interpretation of meaningful data, the technology has also been regarded as a disruptive technology due to some of the risks it poses both to personal and cooperate privacy (Domingos, 58). For example, the sophisticated technologies used in web mining have significantly increased the risk of information abuse as well as privacy violation. As many social media platforms continue to urge their users to become more transparent by revealing their personal information, the privacy of such users may be compromised. There are a number of data base technologies through which web mining can be used to discover the patterns in data. Some of the commonly used database mining techniques used in web mining include clustering, association and data classification. The difficulties in gathering quality data using web mining techniques usually arise from the fact that there are currently no agreed upon quality assessment models as well as the difficultly that arises from handling the quality of information particularly during the query processing and integration of data. In web mining, some of the scenarios in which the problem of data quality may arise include during the integration of scientific or business data and during the dissemination of the collected data. History of web mining The concept of web mining has rapidly grown in a short period of time both in terms of

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Final exam - Essay Example However, Muslims should explore the following issues in order for them to attain programmatic changes. To begin with, Muslims deploy a Marxist analysis that discourages Marxist discourse and that never allows exploitation of common citizens by anonymous current changes that include market forces (Karam, 16). This appeal can enable Muslims to fill the gap or vacuum left by the country leading to a more conservatism characterized by situations where people know and trust each other. They create circles where everyman is responsible, change any mentality of assault, and resolve problems that act as an obstacle to Muslim’s social prestige. Identify and observe their wealth and fight to get back of those marginalized by the republican ethos. Muslim community should also consider viability in order to attain the change that they aspire. They should uphold the effort to integrate what they view as unacceptable yet compliant in other communities as their weakness and in the meantime act to implement it. For example, they should continue to uphold the importance of dialogue and a high level of understanding in areas where the society requires women’s concerted efforts. Women in Muslim societies are getting opportunities that include; rights activism, involvement in the government’s development projects, and advancing education further. These cases reveal that, the society has changed and unlimited their network to help achieve programmatic change in the society. Nevertheless, this can radically improve more if Muslim heads of state and families can invest more heavily on women and give them more opportunities that fully exhaust their energy in view of realizing transformation. Analysis show that women work for two-thirds of the world’s working hours but yet live in extreme poverty and only earn the least percentage (10%) of the world’s total income. Muslims should surpass that world margin of

Web Mining and Social Multimedia Research Paper

Web Mining and Social Multimedia - Research Paper Example However, how does data mining filters the information gathered from the web from undesirable and inaccurate data that is so often giving us difficulties in gathering valuable and high-quality results? It is common knowledge that the data found on the web is unstructured, dynamic, complex and huge in amount. This results in difficulties for analyzing such data. What techniques and applications are used in Web Mining to overcome these difficulties? The answers to these questions could benefit both research and industry communities. Web Mining and Social Multimedia Introduction Web mining refers to the application of data mining techniques to extract patterns from the web. Generally data mining allows for analysis of data in order to make rational decision based on the data report collected. It is common knowledge that the data found on the web is unstructured, dynamic, complex and huge in amount which results in difficulties for analyzing such data. Consequently the information gathere d by web mining can be further evaluated using various software or through the traditional data mining parameters such as classification, clustering and association. There are three main axes of web mining which include content mining, usage mining and structure mining. Content mining is usually applied in the examination of data collected by web spiders and search engines. On the other hand, structure mining is used when examining the structure of given websites while usage mining is generally used to study data related to user’s browser as well as the data collected by the forms users usually submit during their web transactions. When such data is being analyzed based on the web documents, especially with a wide spread of social multimedia, the information gathered can benefit research institutions, businesses and economy overall. Additionally web mining can potentially be used in customer relationship management by helping to evaluate the customer behavior, effectiveness o f the website as well as quantify the success of the marketing campaign used in the World Wide Web. Although web mining has numerous potential benefits particularly with regard to the interpretation of meaningful data, the technology has also been regarded as a disruptive technology due to some of the risks it poses both to personal and cooperate privacy (Domingos, 58). For example, the sophisticated technologies used in web mining have significantly increased the risk of information abuse as well as privacy violation. As many social media platforms continue to urge their users to become more transparent by revealing their personal information, the privacy of such users may be compromised. There are a number of data base technologies through which web mining can be used to discover the patterns in data. Some of the commonly used database mining techniques used in web mining include clustering, association and data classification. The difficulties in gathering quality data using web mining techniques usually arise from the fact that there are currently no agreed upon quality assessment models as well as the difficultly that arises from handling the quality of information particularly during the query processing and integration of data. In web mining, some of the scenarios in which the problem of data quality may arise include during the integration of scientific or business data and during the dissemination of the collected data. History of web mining The concept of web mining has rapidly grown in a short period of time both in terms of

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Themes in Othello Essay Example for Free

Themes in Othello Essay Themes in Othello is that of deception, developed mostly through Iago, who is an arch-deceiver throughout the play. Because he is angry that Othello has passed over him for a promotion, he vows revenge. Playing upon Othello’s jealousy, he deceives him into believing that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. He also deceives Roderigo, making him believe that Desdemona will tire of Othello and eventually be won by Roderigo. It is Iago’s repeated deceptions that move the plot of the play forward to the ultimate climax and tragedy. Another minor theme of Othello is love, and the play can be considered a romantic tragedy. The play is romantic because it celebrates the marriage of two minds as embodied in Othello and Desdemona. They marry in spite of the protests of Desdemona’s father, and she faithfully follows her husband wherever he is sent. Their romantic marriage, however, is ruined by the villainous machinations of Iago. Othello is eventually led to murder his beloved, turning the romantic play into a tragedy. A third minor theme of Othello revolves around appearance vs. reality. Iago has an honest face, which helps hide his deceitful soul. Othello appears to be strong and courageous, a leading general, but he is easily tricked into fearing that his wife is unfaithful. It appears that Desdemona has left her treasured handkerchief with Cassio; in reality, Emilia has taken it and Iago has planted in on Cassio. Because of Iago’s trickery, it appears to Othello that Desdemona is involved with Cassio; in truth, she is innocent, loving her husband dearly. Throughout the play, Iago is instrumental in making sure that reality is disguised by appearances, which he manipulates. MOOD The predominant mood of the whole play is somber and tragic. Iago works his evil almost from the opening scene, and each new deception that he plans brings greater misery. The tragic gloom that he causes is only occasionally relieved by comedy, provided by Roderigo and the Clown.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Looking At The Future Of Broadcasting

Looking At The Future Of Broadcasting Media and TV have changed a lot in those last 2O years but we may think that this change is going to be even faster and more important in the 2O next years. Of course the new media (internet) and the new technologies linked to the internet have completely changed peoples habits. We should not focus on emerging technologies but on emerging cultural practices. So in a first part, we are going to focus on the consumers behavior shift, and then, we are going to get a clear vision of how the future of broadcasting devices is developing according to current movements. Finally, in a third part we are going to expose the following issue: what will the relevant challenge of this multimedia environment transformation be? First, we want to focus on the consumers changing behavior concerning TV and so in this part, we are going to look at the consumers demands regarding TV and Medias. First of all, we can notice that today (and in the future also), consumers know exactly what they want and what they dont want. For example, they dont want so many TV commercials; they are getting fed up with these commercials. Indeed, nowadays people mainly watch TV during their spare time in order to relax and get entertainment. As a consequence, TV commercials are perceived as something boring and intrusive which deprives the viewer of his relaxing and entertaining time. To crown it all the commercials are becoming less efficient than before because people feel bored with them and prefer switching programs or moving to on-demand viewing because there, the commercials are not so numerous. Furthermore, consumers also want TV to become more and more convenient for them, they want and feel the need to have all the control on it and they dont have time to waste on it. We can speak here about time, place, control, money and attention shifting. Time shifting: people want television when it suits them. For instance, they want their programs to start at a convenient time for their schedules and not to adapt their schedules to the programs Place shifting: people want television the way they want it and where they want it. They want to be able to watch television everywhere and on whatever screen they want (TV, computer, smartphone, tabletà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Control shifting: people want to be able to share, talk back, influence. They want to share and express their opinion about what they have watched Money shifting: people want to make a good deal, to have a real value for their money. Attention shifting: people want real values for their attention. Finally, consumers or viewers also want to have more and more choices and opportunities but with less and less time. So, in the future, TV will have to adapt to these new demands in order to seduce consumers. So now, after having considered the shift in the consumers behaviors we can take a look at the technological changes that have occurred in the last decades, these changes are going to be more and more relevant over time. There is no doubt, for instance concerning the importance of internet in the modern shift followed by media and consumers around broadcasting practices. After only two short decades, internet seems to be the most relevant media for a large part of the world. Indeed actual surveys show that internet took a growing part in peoples life; in 2002 internet was considered only by 20% as the essential media in their life instead of 33% in 2007; at the same time Radio has dropped from 26% to 17%. The technological improvements which have accompanied the revolution are numerous but they seem to be characterized by the same objective: to be more efficient to deliverer wherever or whenever the consumers want the information. In order to do so marketers and industrials put a lot of efforts to ease daily life; are we witnessing a technological convergence? Today, you can find in the same apparel TV program broadcasting, radio channel, and internet access to social network or newspaper apps. Thus you can decide, and be the only one who chooses what, when or where youre gone be able to be expose. However, nowadays, people are more likely to move around and be more active; consequently they are not obviously able to hold with the initial scheduling; so in order to counteract this time-shifting problem a lot of technologies enable the viewers to shift the viewing time thanks to simple acts. For example with the emergence of Pay-TV channel, or integrated recorder material the viewers dont have any more time restraint. Maybe in a little time we can believe that we will be able to use both technologies conjointly with mobile devices. In order to conclude this report we can focus on several main points and issues. First, If we can say that, money seems to be the sinews of war; and this one between advertisers and content owners seem to be difficult. Indeed it started 60 years ago with the tremendous event of the birth of television. The advertisers quickly understood that it was a really efficient means to communicate with potential consumers. Nowadays they are still expecting good return on investment, so they expect their messages to reach the largest audience. But today the entry of the PayTV distribution is going to change things. Contents owners are going to be able to target the audience with accuracy that is to say to aim at providing the viewers with the programs they really want in exchange of their money. And its in this context that TV contents owners are going to be more and more powerful. In fact contents owners are going to be able to become greedy because a result of a survey conducted by Nielsen/AIG and according to Jason KIla shows that :Hulus[a payTV distribution] video adver tising service is roughly 2x as effective as traditional TV video advertising services. Our point of view since 2007 has been that if we become the most effective video advertising service, then we could earn higher advertising revenues. As a consequence, we can easily think that in the future, broadcasting is going to be run by economic interests. Moreover, one possible issue with pay TV or TV on demand would be that customers will be able to watch exactly what they want, and so, we may think that the majority of people may like to watch movies or series in order to have fun and relaxation. As a consequence we could notice an increase of the Dallasification phenomena on the TV market because people are usually more seduced by the American programs for entertainment. Moreover, at the same time, people would watch less cultural programs. This phenomenon could lead to the end of the public TV broadcasting service because people would neglect cultural programs in favor of entertainment programs. This, means, that PBS will no longer insure its educating duty and therefore its role would be questionable. So now, one question can be raised: how will PBS adapt itself to the future in order to stay visible and useful to the viewers? Does it also mean that we are drawn into a purely commercial and selfish society which is going to be in terested only in entertainment and the current affairs that happen within its community?

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Power in Congress Essay -- essays research papers

Power In and Over Congress I feel the system is biased because there are inequalities among the representation and participation of interest groups and constituents in the political system. Unfortunately, poor and uneducated citizens aren’t as organized as interest groups, lobbyists and PACs because they lack the money, resources and connections necessary to influence congress members on legislative bills. It is evident that, â€Å"businesses, interest groups and labor unions are spending more than $100 million a month to lobby the federal government†(Associated Press, SFC, 3/7/98). â€Å"The actual population of interest groups in Washington surely reflects that there is a class bias in the membership of interest groups†(JBG). â€Å"Interest groups are organized bodies of individuals who share some political goals and try to influence public policy decisions. Representatives from interest groups are referred to as lobbyists† (JBG). â€Å"Lobbyist seek to bring about the passage or defeat of legislative bills and to influence congress, often using large sums of money in a variety of ways to influence legislative outcomes† (APD). I feel that lobbyists have a great deal of influence within congress because they may have direct connections with congress members in high positions. Through PACs, organizations can pool campaign contributions from group members and donates those funds to candidates for political office. Personally, I feel that PACs have the most influence over congress because their ...

Saturday, October 12, 2019

World War 2 and the Superpower Nation :: essays research papers

The Second World War gave rise to a multitude of new ideas which changed the course of modern society, the idea which has had the greatest impact on the world as a whole is the concept of the superpower nation. To be a superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, immense international political power, and related to this, a strong national ideology. It was this war (WWII), and its results that spawned the formation of superpowers and lead them to experience such a preponderance of power. To understand how the Second World War impacted birth of superpowers it is important to first understand and examine the causes of the war. The United States gained its strength in world affairs from its status as an economic power and as a heavily industrialized nation. In the years preceding the war and the Great Depression, America was the world's largest producer and arguably had the strongest and most stable economy. In the USSR at the same time, Stalin was implementing his 'five year plans' to modernize the Soviet economy. From these situations, similar foreign policies resulted from widely divergent origins. Roosevelt's isolationism emerged from the wide and prevalent domestic desire to remain neutral in any international conflicts. It was widely believed that America entered the First World War simply in order to save its industry's capitalist investments in Europe. Whether this is the case or not, Roosevelt was forced to work with an inherently isolationist Congress, only expanding its horizons after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He signed the Neutrality Act of 1935, making it illegal for the United States to ship arms to the belligerent governments of any conflict. The act also stated that belligerent nations could buy only non-armaments from the US, and even these were only to be bought with cash. In contrast, Stalin was by necessity interested in European affairs, but only to the point of concern to the USSR. Russian foreign policy was fundamentally Leninist in its concern to keep the USSR out of war. Stalin wanted to consolidate Communist power and modernize the country's industr y. The Soviet Union was committed to collective action for peace, as long as that commitment did not mean that the Soviet Union would take a brunt of a Nazi attack as a result. Examples of this can be seen in the Soviet Unions' attempts to achieve a mutual assistance treaty with Britain and France.